APA Text Note & Reference Examples Also Sample Outline
Text Note Tips: APA Parenthetical Citation
The APA system of citing sources indicates the author's last name and the date, in parentheses, within the text of your paper.
A. A typical citation consists of the author's name and the year of publication.
Example:
Charlotte and Emily Bronte were polar opposites, not only in their
personalities but in their sources of inspiration for writing (Taylor,
1990).
Use the last name only in both first and subsequent citations, except
when there is more than one author with the same last name. In that case,
use the last name and the first initial.
B. If the author is named in the text of your paper, only the year is cited.
Example:
According to Irene Taylor (1990), the personalities of Charlotte and
Emily. . .
C. If both the name of the author and the date are used in the text, parenthetical reference is not necessary.
Example:
In a 1989 article, Gould explains Darwin's most successful. . .
D. When the reference is to a work by two authors, cite both names each time the reference appears.
Example:
This theory often has been used to explore patters of various insect mating
(Alcock & Thornhill, 1983). –OR-
Alcock and Thornhill (1983) also demonstrate …
E. When the reference is to a work by three to five authors, cite all the authors the first time the reference appears. After that, use the first author's last name followed by et al. (Which means "and others").
Example:
This pattern has long plagued the internal politics of college
administration in Texas (Douglas et al., 1997).
F. When the reference is to a work by six or more authors, use only the
first author's name followed et al. in the first and all subsequent
reference.
G. When the reference is to a work by a corporate author, use the name of the organization as the author.
Example:
Retired officers retain access to all of the university's educational and
recreational facilities (Columbia University, 1987).
H. If there is no author to cite, such as when you are citing a web
article that lists no author, use an abbreviated version of the title in
quotation marks to substitute for the name of the author.
Example:
A similar study was done of students learning to format research
papers ("Using APA," 2001).
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Template for APA Style Documentation
Online periodical:
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (2000).
Title of article. Title of Periodical, xx,
xxxxxx.
Retrieved month day, year, from source.
Online document:
Author, A. A. (2000). Title of work.
Retrieved month day, year, from source.
http://www.apastyle.org/elecgeneral.html
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APA Reference Format Guidelines: Thanks to......................
AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION (APA) FORMAT (5th Edition)
This crib
sheet is a guide to the APA style. It is not intended to replace the Publication
Manual of the American Psychological Association, 5th edition. Only selected
citations were chosen for inclusion here. For
other examples see the printed Manual. Use
this only as a reference.
Simon, A.
(2000). Perceptual comparisons through the mind’s eye. Memory &
Cognition, 23,
635-647.
Becker, M.
B., & Rozek, S. J. (1995). Welcome to the energy crisis. Journal of
Social Issues,
32,
230-343.
Garner, H.
J. (1997, July). Do babies have a universal song? Psychology Today,102, 70-77.
Study finds
free care used more. (1982, April 3). Wall Street Journal, pp. A1, A25.
Strunk, W.,
& White, E. B. (1979). The
elements of style (3rd ed.).
Letheridge,
S., & Cannon, C. R. (Eds.). (1980). Bilingual education.
ERIC
Document
Peterson,
K. (2002). Welfare-to-work programs:
Strategies for success (Report No. EDO-JC-02-04).
Educational Research and Improvement. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service
No. ED467985)
Imago.
(2000). In World Book Encyclopedia (Vol. 10, p. 79).
Kimberly-Clark.
(2002). Kimberly-Clark (Annual Report).
Dissertation
Olsen, G.
W. (1985). Campus child care within the public supported post-secondary
educational institutions in the
state of
International, 47/03, 783.
Mass, J. B.
(Producer), & Gluck, D. H. (Director). (1979). Deeper into hypnosis.
(Motion picture).
The
citation is done as if it were a paper article and then followed by a retrieval
statement that identifies the date retrieved and source.
Sahelian,
R. (1999, January). Achoo!
Better Nutrition, 61, 24. Retrieved
from Academic Index.
Midwest
League. (2003). Pitching, individual
records. Retrieved October 1, 2003, from
http://www.midwestleague.com/indivpitching.html
Thompson,
G. (2003). Youth coach handbook. In
Joe soccer. Retrieved September 17, 2001, from
http://www.joesoccer.com/menu.html
Ripon
Pickle Company Inc. (company profile). (2003). Retrieved September 18, 2002,
from
Business and
Ingersoll-Rand
Company Limited (company profile). (2004). In
April 29, 2004, from Lexis-Nexis.
Personal
communications may be things such as email messages, interviews, speeches, and
telephone conversations.
Because
the information is not retrievable they should not appear in the reference list.
They should look as follows: Example:
J. Burnitz (personal communications, September 20, 2000) indicated that
.… or
In a recent interview (J.
Burnitz, personal communication, September 20, 2000) I learned that ….
Reference
Citations in Text
To refer to an item in the list of references from the text,
an author-date method should be used. That
is, use the surname of the author (without suffixes) and the year of the
publication in the text at appropriate points.
Example: Researchers have indicated that more is expected of students in higher
education (Hudson, 2001) and secondary education (Taylor & Hornung, 2002).
One author
Issac (2001) indicated in his research..
In a recent study, research indicates (Isaac, 2001)
Two or more authors
When a work has two authors, always cite both names every
time the reference occurs. For works with three, four, or five authors, cite all
authors the first time the reference occurs.
In subsequent citations, include only the last name of the first author
followed by et al.
When a work has no authors
Cite in text the first few words of what appears first for
the entry on the list (usually the title) and the year.
Specific parts of a source
(Yount & Molitor, 1982, p. 19)
(Cooper, 1983, chap. 4)
Works with no author
(“New Student Center,” 2002)
For more detailed information to illustrate the use of
parenthetical citations, consult this University
of Wisconsin page. http://www.wisc.edu/writing/Handbook/DocAPACitations.html
Some general rules for APA reference pages:
·
Begin the
reference list on a new page. The
page begins with the word References (Reference if there is only one), centered
in the top, middle of the page, using both upper and lower case. If the
references take up more than one page, do not re-type the word References on
sequential pages, simply continue your list.
·
Use one space
after all punctuation.
·
The first line of
the reference is flush left. Lines
thereafter are indented as a group, a few spaces, to create a hanging indention.
·
Double space
between citations. Single space in
the citations.
·
Use italics for
titles of books, newspapers, magazines, and journals.
·
References cited
in text must appear in the reference list; conversely, each entry in the
reference list must be cited in text.
·
Arrange entries in
alphabetical order
·
Give in
parentheses the year the work was published.
For magazines and newspapers, give the year followed by the month and
date, if any. If no date is
available, write (n.d.)
·
Give volume
numbers for magazines, journals, and newsletters.
Include the issue number for journals if and only if each issue begins on
page 1.
Please forward any comments or suggestions
regarding this crib sheet to Owen
Williams
Prepared by Owen Williams, University of Minnesota, Crookston
Last updated
http://www.crk.umn.edu/library/links/apa5th.htm
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For more information about outlines, see the Purdue OWL handout, Developing an Outline.
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Microcomputer
Programs and the Process of Writing
I.
Major Steps in the Writing Process
A.
Organizing
B.
Writing the first draft
C.
Evaluating
C.
Revising
II.
Writing Programs for the Microcomputer
A.
Types of Programs and Their Relationship to Writing
1.
Thought
a.
Use in organizing
b.
Use in revising
2.
Word Processors
a.
Use in writing the first draft
b.
Use in revising
3.
Analytical programs: grammar, style, and spelling
a.
Use in evaluating
b.
Use in revising
B.
Positive / Negative Aspects of Computer Writing Programs
1.
Positive features
a.
Less time spent on repetitive/mechanical writing
b.
Greater flexibility and versatility in writing
c.
Increased revision strategies
d.
Specific learning possibilities
2.
Negative features
a.Necessitates learning about
·
Software programs
·
Computers
b.
Limited availability of hardware and software
c.
Unrealistic expectations of users
1)
A cure-all for writing problems
2)
Avoiding learning correct
·
Grammar
·
Syntax
·
Spelling
3)
Reducing time spent on writing proficiently
4)
A simple process to learn and execute
C.
The future of Computer Programs for Writing
1.
Rapid change
2.
Improved programs
3.
Increased use and availability
4.
More realistic assessment of value - critical work
